Saturday, November 28, 2009

CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS

CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS

LITERATURE Regional languages developed during the period, accompanying the formation of what may be called sub-national units such as Maharashtra, Gujarat, Bengal, and so on. Regional scripts developed while earlier the same script had predominated in large parts of northern India. The beginnings of Maithili, Oriya, Bengali, and Assamese are traceable in Buddhist writings. Oriya can be traced to the eighth or ninth century though literary works of merit in Oriya began appearing only in the 13th century. Bengali emerged as a separate language around AD 1000. Bengali songs of the llth-12th centuries mark the beginnings of Bengali literature. Gujarati evolved frotn a dialect of the Gurjara Apabhramsa and reached a distinctive form by the 12th century. The orig41 of Hindi has been traced to this period by scholars. Chand Bardai's Prithviraj Rasa is an important work that marks the beginning of Hindi litera­ture. The Kashmiri language separated itself from its Apabhramsa parentage around the 10th century. It was around the 11th century that Urdu began to emerge. It emerged from the same Khari Boli that, gave rise to Hi and owed heavily to both Turkish and Persian-which ca to India with the Ghaznavids and the Ghurids. Mahn of Ghazni patronised poets such as Firdausi, the authoJ Shahnama. Al-beruni, who came to India with him, WI the Tahqiq-i-Hind depicting the Indian people's thoughts j customs.

Sanskrit literature also flourished in the period, es dally in the regions of Rajasthan and Orissa. Bhoja (I century) is recognised as one of the greats among cri in Sanskrit. Some famous works are Somadev Kathasaritasagara, Bilhana's Vikramankndevacharita, Kalhar Rajatarangini and Jayadeva's Gita Gavinda.

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